What Are the Various Types of Containers

What are the most common types of shipping containers?

The most widely used shipping containers in the global logistics industry are dry storage containers. These rectangular steel boxes come in two standard sizes:

20-foot containers (20′ x 8′ x 8’6″)
– Capacity: 33.2 m³
– Maximum load: 28,200 kg

40-foot containers (40′ x 8′ x 8’6″)
– Capacity: 67.7 m³
– Maximum load: 28,750 kg

Dry containers are suitable for transporting a vast range of dry, boxed, or palletized cargo. Their sturdy construction protects goods from the elements during intermodal transport by ship, rail and truck.

Another common type is the refrigerated container or “reefer”. Reefers have integrated cooling units to transport temperature-sensitive goods like fresh produce, meat, dairy, and pharmaceuticals. They maintain precise temperatures from -65°C to +40°C. Standard reefer sizes are:

20-foot reefer (20′ x 8′ x 8’6″)
– Capacity: 28.3 m³
– Maximum load: 27,700 kg

40-foot high cube reefer (40′ x 8′ x 9’6″)
– Capacity: 67.3 m³
– Maximum load: 29,520 kg

Open top containers have a removable tarpaulin roof instead of a rigid steel top. This allows loading of tall cargo like machinery, logs or scrap metal from above by crane. Flat rack containers have collapsible sides for transporting oversized goods that don’t fit in enclosed containers.

How do specialized containers differ from standard ones?

While standard dry containers and reefers handle most cargo needs, some goods require specialized container types:

Tank Containers
– Used for bulk liquids and gases
– Capacity ranges from 14,000 to 35,000 liters
– Highly regulated for hazardous materials transport

Open Top Containers
– Soft tarpaulin or hard panel roof that can be opened
– Allows top loading of tall/bulky cargo by crane
– Same dimensions as standard 20′ and 40′ containers

Flat Rack Containers
– Collapsible sides and sometimes ends
– Used for oversized cargo like machinery, vehicles, steel coils
– Can be 20′ or 40′ long

Insulated or Thermal Containers
– Have insulation but no active refrigeration
– Protects goods from extreme temperatures
– Maintains stable temps for shorter periods than reefers

Ventilated Containers
– Have openings on upper sidewalls for air circulation
– Used for goods requiring ventilation like coffee, cacao

Garment-on-Hanger (GOH) Containers
– Fitted with bars for transporting hanging garments
– Help clothing supply chains minimize wrinkling and damage

Compared to standard boxes, specialized containers are built and equipped for safely transporting specific cargo types. They may have structural modifications, controlled atmospheres, or loading/unloading adaptations to suit the unique properties of their intended cargo.

What are the key dimensions and capacities of various container types?

Understanding the dimensions and capacities of different container types is crucial for planning cargo stowage and maximizing transport efficiency. Here are the key specs for common containers:

Container Type	Length	Width	Height	Volume	Max Payload
20′ Dry	20′ (6.06 m)	8′ (2.44 m)	8′6″ (2.59 m)	33.2 m³	28,200 kg
40′ Dry	40′ (12.19 m)	8′ (2.44 m)	8′6″ (2.59 m)	67.7 m³	28,750 kg
40′ High Cube Dry	40′ (12.19 m)	8′ (2.44 m)	9′6″ (2.90 m)	76.4 m³	28,600 kg
20′ Reefer	20′ (6.06 m)	8′ (2.44 m)	8′6″ (2.59 m)	28.3 m³	27,700 kg
40′ High Cube Reefer	40′ (12.19 m)	8′ (2.44 m)	9′6″ (2.90 m)	67.3 m³	29,520 kg
20′ Open Top	20′ (6.06 m)	8′ (2.44 m)	8′6″ (2.59 m)	32.0 m³	28,200 kg
40′ Open Top	40′ (12.19 m)	8′ (2.44 m)	8′6″ (2.59 m)	65.7 m³	26,300 kg
20′ Flat Rack	20′ (6.06 m)	8′ (2.44 m)	8′6″ (2.59 m)	N/A	29,800 kg
40′ Flat Rack	40′ (12.19 m)	8′ (2.44 m)	8′6″ (2.59 m)	N/A	40,000 kg
20′ Tank	20′ (6.06 m)	8′ (2.44 m)	8′6″ (2.59 m)	14,000-24,000 L	30,480 kg

The internal dimensions are slightly smaller than the external ones due to the container walls. 45-foot containers are also available, mainly in Europe. High cube containers add an extra foot of height. Payload capacity depends on the container’s tare weight.

Oversized cargo may require open top or flat rack containers. Their payloads depend on the specific design. Flat racks have higher weight limits since they lack walls and roofs.

Tank containers come in various sizes with capacities from 14,000 to 35,000 liters. The most common size is the 20-foot tank with a 24,000 liter nominal capacity.

How do you choose the right container for your cargo?

Selecting the optimal container type depends on your cargo’s unique characteristics and shipping requirements. Consider these factors when making your choice:

Cargo Type and Properties
– Is it solid, liquid or gas?
– Perishable or non-perishable?
– Hazardous materials?
– Size, weight and volume?
– Any special handling needs?

Match your cargo type to the corresponding container design. Use dry containers for standard boxed goods, reefers for temperature-sensitive products, tanks for bulk liquids, open tops and flat racks for out-of-gauge items.

Transport Mode and Route
– Will it go by ship, rail, truck or a combination?
– What are the size and weight limits of each mode?
– Any height or route restrictions to consider?

Ensure your loaded container will be compliant and fit on all planned transport conveyances and routes. Factor in different modal restrictions.

Cargo Security and Protection Needs
– Is it high-value or theft-prone?
– Sensitive to moisture, humidity or contamination?
– Requires controlled atmosphere?

Evaluate if your cargo needs extra security measures like container seals, GPS tracking or tamper-evident locks. Use ventilated boxes for goods needing air circulation, insulated units to buffer temperature swings.

Loading and Unloading Methods
– Will it be loaded from the side, top or rear?
– By forklift, crane, conveyor or pump?
– Any special equipment needed?

Choose containers that enable efficient cargo handling. Hard top containers work for top loading, while open side flat racks suit lengthwise loading. Ensure you have the right load/unload equipment lined up.

Cost and Availability Factors
– Container leasing vs buying?
– Repositioning costs for specialized units?
– Adequate container supplies near origin?

Compare the costs of using standard vs specialized equipment. Factor in repositioning fees for returning dedicated containers to origin. Check that the required container type will be available when and where needed in your supply chain.

What equipment is used for handling different container types?

The choice of handling equipment depends on the container type, cargo properties, terminal setup and loading/unloading requirements. Key equipment includes:

Container Gantry Cranes
– Used at ports to load/unload ship-to-shore containers
– Rail-mounted or rubber-tired
– Can lift 40-60 tons to stack containers 5-7 high

Reach Stackers
– Highly maneuverable container handlers
– Used in yards to stack 20′/40′ boxes up to 6 high
– Can lift 30-45 tons in the first row, less in rear rows

Straddle Carriers
– Tall machines that straddle containers to lift and move them
– Used in yards to transport and stack 3-4 high
– More expensive than reach stackers but handle higher volumes

Forklifts
– Used to stuff/strip containers and move cargo within facilities
– Counterbalance forklifts for heavy loads up to 48 tons
– Reach trucks and order pickers for smaller handling tasks

Yard Trucks
– Terminal tractors that pull skeletal container trailers
– Transport containers within yards between cranes, stacks and gates
– More maneuverable in tight spaces than over-the-road trucks

Cranes and Lifting Equipment
– Various crane types to top load open tops and flat racks
– Bridge, gantry, mobile and tower cranes common in yards
– Rigging gear like spreaders and slings to lift odd-shaped cargo

Conveyor Systems
– Used to load/unload loose cargo from dry containers
– Gravity roller and powered belt conveyors
– Bulk conveyors and hoppers for unloading dry goods

Pumping Equipment
– Used for loading/unloading tank container shipments
– Centrifugal, diaphragm and peristaltic pumps
– Hoses, fittings and manifolds to connect to tank apertures

Efficient container handling requires a coordinated fleet of equipment tailored to the facility and cargo specs. Factors like lift height, maneuverability, cost and productivity guide equipment choices.

How are containers maintained and inspected?

Proper container maintenance and inspection are essential to ensure cargo safety, prolong asset life, and comply with regulations. Key activities include:

Structural Integrity Checks
– Inspect for holes, cracks, dents, or damage to doors, walls, floor and roof
– Verify good seals around door gaskets and fittings
– Ensure smooth door operation and locking mechanisms
– Check corner posts and castings for deformation or cracks

Cleaning and Decontamination
– Sweep, wash and dry interiors between shipments
– Remove debris, odors and residues from prior cargo
– Decontaminate if hazardous goods were shipped
– Verify no pests or invasive species present

Mechanical Systems Maintenance
– Inspect and maintain cooling units on reefer containers
– Ensure proper function of generator sets and control systems
– Check electrical wiring, plugs and thermostats
– Verify airflow and defrost mechanisms working

Tank Container Upkeep
– Thoroughly clean tanks after each load
– Inspect valves, seals, pressure relief and top fittings
– Pressure test tanks for leaks
– Ensure proper placarding and markings for goods last carried

Periodic Inspections and Certifications
– Conduct inspections at defined intervals per container type
– Check for CSC safety approval and next exam dates on plates
– Perform inspections and tests per IICL 5 or ISO standards
– Maintain records of inspection, repair and maintenance history

Repair and Refurbishment
– Perform repairs as needed to address any damage or wear
– Repaint containers and update markings every 5-7 years
– Refurbish reefer units with new compressors, coils and parts
– Replace floors, doors and panels on older containers

Containers endure harsh conditions during intermodal journeys by sea, road and rail. Diligent upkeep is needed to maximize container longevity, typically 12-15 years. Maintenance budgets can reach $1000-2000 per container annually. Operators must balance cost with safety and compliance across large fleets.

Container Innovations and Technology

The container shipping sector continues to evolve through various innovations aimed at improving cargo handling, visibility and sustainability:

Smart Containers and IoT
– Equipping containers with sensors and tracking devices
– Enables real-time monitoring of location, temperature, humidity, etc.
– Improves cargo visibility and security through connected containers
– Facilitates predictive maintenance and asset management

Automated Container Terminals
– Implementing automation in cranes, vehicles and yard equipment
– Enhances productivity, safety and efficiency in terminal ops
– Examples: automated stacking cranes, AGVs, remote-operated equipment
– Requires integration with terminal operating systems and IT

Reefer Technology Advances
– Developing more efficient and reliable reefer machines
– Improving insulation and airflow for better temperature control
– Enabling remote monitoring and control of reefer settings
– Exploring alternative refrigerants with lower environmental impact

Collapsible and Foldable Containers
– Creating containers that can fold or nest when empty
– Saves space when repositioning empties back to origin
– Reduces costs and emissions from transporting air
– Challenges in durability and handling compared to standard boxes

Alternative Materials and Sustainability
– Exploring use of composites, plastics and alternative metals
– Aims to reduce container weight and improve strength
– Developing eco-friendly insulation foams and coatings
– Using recycled materials and enhancing container recyclability

Digital Platforms and Marketplaces
– Emergence of online booking and pricing platforms
– Enables instant quotes and reservations for container shipments
– Connects shippers with carriers and optimizes equipment repositioning
– Improves transparency and efficiency in container logistics

These innovations bring both opportunities and challenges. Adopting new technologies requires significant investment and change management. However, digitalization and automation are becoming critical to stay competitive in the fast-evolving container shipping landscape.